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Pope Alexander III (c. 1100/1105 – 30 August 1181), born Roland of Siena,〔In Italian ''Rolando'' or ''Orlando''.〕 was Pope from 7 September 1159 to his death in 1181. Through the Papal bull ''Manifestis Probatum'', issued on May 23, 1179, he recognized the right of Afonso I to proclaim himself King of Portugal, thus recognizing Portugal as an independent and sovereign Kingdom.〔Peter Linehan and Janet Laughland Nelson, ''The Medieval World'', Vol.10, (Routledge, 2001), 524.〕 He also laid the foundation stone for the Notre-Dame de Paris. ==Early life and career== Pope Alexander III was born in Siena. From 14th century he is referred to as a member of the aristocratic family of Baldinelli, although this has not been proven. Long thought to be the 12th-century canon lawyer and theologian Master Roland of Bologna, who composed the "Stroma" or "Summa Rolandi"—one of the earliest commentaries on the ''Decretum'' of Gratian—and the "Sententiae Rolandi", a sentence collection displaying the influence of Pierre Abélard, John T. Noonan and Rudolf Weigand have shown this to be another Rolandus.〔See 〕〔 Reprinted in idem, ''Glossatoren des Dekrets Gratians'' (Keip, 1997 ), pp. 73 *–114 * , ISBN 3-8051-0272-0.〕 He probably studied at Bologna, where Robert of Torigni notes that he taught theology.〔(Pennington, Kenneth. "Pope Alexander III", ''The Great Popes through History: An Encyclopedia'', (Frank J. Coppa, ed.), Westport: Greenwood Press, (2002) 1.113-122 )〕 In October 1150, Pope Eugene III created him Cardinal-Deacon of Santi Cosma e Damiano. Later he became Cardinal-Priest of St Mark.〔(Loughlin, James. "Pope Alexander III." The Catholic Encyclopedia ) Vol. 1. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1907. 27 Jul. 2015〕 In 1153, he became papal chancellor and was the leader of the cardinals opposed to German Emperor Frederick I Barbarossa. He negotiated the Treaty of Benevento, which restored peaceful relations between Rome and the Kingdom of Sicily. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Pope Alexander III」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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